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Patanjali's Yoga Sutras refer to five modifications of consciousness (Book I, 6-11):
1. Direct perception, based on fact and proof
2. Misperception - mistaking something for something else
3. Imaginary knowledge which has no substantial basis
4. Sleep which is the absence of perception
5. Memory which is the recollection of past perceptions.
The story of the rope and the snake is often used to illustrate the second modification - ie misperception.
Peace.
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