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I'll give the traditional Hindu perspective. It literally means 'action', and is considered a law of the universe, not that unlike Newton's third law. Still a major distinction is that it's not like an eye for an eye, where you get the exact action returned. What you do get is the equivalent impact of the action. It may go in circles as well, A to B, B to C, C to D, then back to A. So it's not simple, but fairly complicated.
Most people think of it as past to present in "what did I do to deserve this? or "I must have bad karma." But a better way is to think of it as present to future. "Good dharma creates good karma."
But there are several views and interpretations.
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